- Starts:May 26, 2012 @ 12:00 pm
Place:CHQ Building & George's Dock, Custom House Quay
Infomatique (William Murphy) now publishes photographs via Panoramio as well as other services and in general all photographs published by the Streets Of Dublin have been supplied by Infomatique.
Major changes are on the way, details will be made available sometime in May. Don't forget to visit the update section.
Photographed Using A Sony NEX-7
I do not know if someone did this as a joke or because they were unable to steal the bicycle.
While overall crime rates are falling, bike thefts have increased by a significant 54 per cent since 2008. The problem is concentrated in Dublin. Of the 4,655 bikes reported stolen last year, 3,204 were in the capital, with the south inner city accounting for 971 incidents. This number is much higher than in the other five Garda divisions in the city.
My original aim was to document the changes in Dublin as they take place and to date I have accumulated a library of more than 71,000 photographs showing all aspects of the city as well as nearby towns and villages.
Malahide
While there are some remnants of prehistoric activity, Malahide is known to have become a persistent settlement from the coming of the Vikings, who landed in 795, and used Malahide Estuary (along with Baldoyle) as a convenient base.
With the arrival of the Anglo-Normans, the last Danish King of Dublin retired to the area in 1171. From the 1180s, the history of the area is tied to that of the Talbot family of Malahide Castle, who were granted extensive lands in the area and over the centuries following developed their estate, and the small harbour settlement.
By the early 19th century, the village had a population of over 1000, and a number of local industries, including salt harvesting, while the harbour continued in commercial operation, with landings of coal and construction materials. By 1831, the population had reached 1223. The area grew in popularity in Georgian times as a seaside resort for wealthy Dublin city dwellers. This is still evident today from the fine collection of Georgian houses in the town and along the seafront, and Malahide is still a popular spot for day-trippers, especially in the summer months.
In the 1960s, developers began to build housing estates around the village core of Malahide, launching the first, Ard na Mara in 1964. Further estates followed, to the northwest, south and west, but the village core remained intact, with the addition of a "marina apartment complex" development adjacent to the village green.
Portmarnock
Today I got the DART to Portmarnock with the intention of testing some new equipment. The day started badly as I did not waken until mid-day ( I went to bed a 6-am). On my way down to the train station it began to rain very heavy so I decided to have lunch at the ELY in the IFSC.
When I left the restaurant the weather was beautiful so I decided to head on out to Portmarnock. A few minutes before arriving the heavy (this time really heavy) rain returned.
On leaving the station I could not determine which direction I should go to get to the town, there were no signs. Of course, I chose the wrong direction. Every few minutes a low flying plane flew overhead and I noticed that they were going in the same direction as myself. This had to be wrong so I reversed direction,
On arriving just outside the town I noticed a park with five or six children feeding thousands of fat ducks. I had never seen so many ducks in one place before so I stopped to take a few photographs.
Maynooth
Maynooth has an ancient and distinguished history. Much of its early power and influence stemmed from the Norman Geraldine family, the Fitzgeralds, who were key figures in Irish history for centuries. The establishment of the pontifical university contributed to the influence of Maynooth. Much of this history of Maynooth is still evident today in the architectural examples which survive: the ruined keep of Maynooth Castle*, the Pugin designed* buildings of the college, and the magnificent Georgian mansion, Carton House* amongst many others*.
Founding of the Geraldine dynasty
In 1176 Strongbow granted the manor of Maynooth to Maurice Fitzgerald who built Maynooth Castle*. It became the stronghold of the Norman Fitzgerald family for centuries. By the end of the thirteenth century the Geraldines ruled most of Kildare and in 1316 Edward 11 created John FitzThomas FitzGerald first Earl of Kildare. The ruins of the castle still stand, just outside the gates of the College.
The Great Earl
During the fourteenth century, from their home in Maynooth Castle, the Fitzgeralds consolidated their power and riches and became the ruling family in Ireland. Thomas, the seventh Earl of Kildare, became Lord Deputy of Ireland in 1471. His son Garret Mor the eighth Earl, known as the Great Earl of Kildare, governed Ireland until his death in 1513. The Great Earl was a strong and charismatic ruler with many stories recorded in history about him, particularly in connection to his relationship with Henry VII.
Silken Thomas
Lord Offaly, widely known a Silken Thomas because of his love of fine clothes and the silken banners carried by his standard bearers, was the son of Garret Óg, the ninth Earl of Kildare. His rebellion against the king and the subsequent fall of the Fitzgeralds is detailed in the history of Dublin Castle*. He and his five uncles were executed at Tyburn and his followers in the Castle were put to death, an episode which is known as the Maynooth Pardon.
“The sole survivor, a child half-brother, was spirited abroad into Italy. But his restoration began in 1552 and he was the founder of a line that was content with the new pattern of court nobility. In the mid-eighteen century Carton and Leinster House (now the seat of the Oireachtas) showed off their glory. James the twentieth earl was created Duke of Leinster in 1766. His son William Robert, the second Duke, was the protector of the fledgling ' Catholic College'* in 1795”
Dukes of Leinster
The seat of the Dukes of Leinster was the magnificent Carton House*, remodeled in 1744 by Richard Castles for the Duke of Leinster and his wife Emily Lennox*. For more information on the fascinating Lennox sisters, including Louisa of Castletown House*, you must read Stella Tillyard's book Aristocrats which has much historical information about Maynooth and it’s environs in the eighteenth century.
Edward Fitzgerald
The most famous son of the 1st Duke of Leinster and Emily Lennox, Lord Edward Fitzgerald joined the United Irishmen. He was instrumental in the Irish rebellion against the British in 1798 and lost his life in this attempt.
Founding of Maynooth College
The Duke and Duchess of Leinster played an important role in their support of St Patrick’s College which was founded in 1795. Initially a pontifical college it combines both secular and ecclesiastical functions now and continues to grow rapidly.
The account of Samuel Lewis in his Topographical Dictionary of Ireland* published in 1837 is a fascinating account of Maynooth at that time. There are detailed descriptions of the College, its architecture and financial dealings, and the students, who were required to “wear gowns and caps both within and without the college”.
Dun Laoghaire
Dun Laoghaire is situated near Dublin in Ireland. It began as a small fishing village, but since the 19th Century, it has become part of the sprawling suburbs of our capital city. Despite this, it has managed to retain some of its individuality.
Dun Laoghaire is a very historical town. It used to be a small fishing village located on a rocky coast near Salthill, which was renowned for its production of salt. The original village, called Dunleary was situated near the beginning of the present West Pier. The present inner harbour, known as the coal harbour, dates from that time of the 18th Century. It consisted of seventy dwellings or cottages and was a very compact little village. All that remains of Dunleary is a row of 15 houses, including ‘Purty Kitchen’ and the Coal Harbour Pier. However, during that time, there was also another pier which was in the form of a curve. That pier is now buried beneath the railway line. There used to be a sandy cove running up to the site of the former ‘Fun Factory’, which was closed recently. Now, all that land has been reclaimed and built on. In Dunleary during the 18th Century, there used to be a famous coffeehouse which was very popular with tourists and people on day-trips from Dublin. The small harbour used to dry-out at low tide but it was considered an important departure point for England. Dun Laoghaire is still an important port, however the present journey time of 1½ hours does not compare to the 22 hours then!
The death of Dunleary was started in the 1820s when the building of the harbour created a completely new town to the east, on the site of the present town. The first few buildings of the new town were constructed from the 1820s, although building of the harbour was started in 1815.
The harbour was only built to facilitate the trade in Dublin Port. At that time, the approaches to the Liffey were extremely dangerous. Many ships were grounded as there was only a narrow path through the sandbanks to the river mouth. It needed skilled captains to negotiate the dangers. Because of this, there was a huge waiting time. Ships were anchored out there for days before being allowed in. And, if that wasn’t enough for them, they had to brave fierce storms and gales that threatened to drive them onto the rocks.
So, it was decided that a place for the boats to stay was needed. Dunleary seemed a suitable place and the foundation stone was laid in 1817 by the Lord Lieutenant. King George IV visited Dunleary in 1821 causing the name ‘Kingstown’ to be formally adopted for the town. The visit of the King was recorded on the obelisk, which is now positioned in front of the Royal St. George Yacht Club.
The present name, Dun Laoghaire, was adopted again in 1920. This name was the Irish version of Dunleary meaning the fort of Laoghaire. In 1930, two small stones containing early decorations were dug up near the Coal Harbour, suggesting that the original fort was built there. This fort can’t be seen now, though, since a Martello Tower was built on top of it and then the construction of the railway destroyed them both. However, the National Museum said that the stones were of recent origin and that they were put there to prove that there was a dún in Dun Laoghaire. No one knows the truth.
The harbour consists of two huge granite piers. The East Pier is one mile long and the West Pier is even longer. It encloses a space of 250 acres and the two arms have protected ships in the most adverse of weather conditions except occasionally when northeasterly gales strike. It cost over one million pounds to build and more than 600 men were employed to construct it.
Dun Laoghaire was also an area for Martello Towers. These round towers were built under threat of an invasion by Napoleon in the early 1800s. Each one was built the same, and was positioned within firing distance of the next, along the East Coast from Skerries to Bray. On the top of each, there was a wall with a rail on top. The cannon sat on this rail and was free to point in any direction. Two Martello Towers were built in Dun Leary, one on the site of the supposed dún and one in the People’s Park. All have been destroyed. The original purpose of George’s Street, the main street of Dun Laoghaire, was to link the towers and the garrisons together.
The land in the centre of Dun Laoghaire was poor and partly used for grazing. Much of the land had been quarried with holes and stones on it covered with briars. The new town converted much of this to fine Georgian terraces, churches, yacht clubs and other public buildings.
The town grew between 1820 and 1840. George’s Street was quickly developed and also were the parallel streets Kingstown Parade, Rumley Avenue (now known as Patrick Street and Mulgrave Street) and Northumberland Avenue. The only building on Tivoli Road at that time was Carrig Castle, which was really a large house. The road itself was actually an old path between the castles of Bullock and Monkstown. During the 1830s, Granite Lodge, Primrose Hill, Tivoli Terrace, York Road, 2 schools and a Presbyterian Church were built. On the seafront, Crofton Terrace, Haddington Terrace, Victoria Terrace, Marine Terrace, Windsor Terrace and Martello Terrace were built. The forerunner of the Royal Marine Hotel, overlooking the harbour was built on Gresham Terrace.
The need for Dunleary to have a harbour of refuge from the tides and approaches of Dublin Bay finally saw some resolution in 1815 when the first stone was laid by Earl Whitworth the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.
In all, the Harbour took nearly 40 years to complete and during this time 600 men were employed and the cost was estimated at one million pounds. The resulting Harbour enclosed a water area of some 250 acres. King George IV officially opened the Harbour in 1823 and Dunleary became Kingstown in his honour.
With the coming of the railway in the 1830’s Kingstown became a popular place to visit and to live in some of the lovely new terraces being built The Coal Harbour was an exceedingly busy place importing coal and in 1835 there were 20 registered yawls whose main trade was in importing coal from Swansea and Whitehaven in South Wales. By 1860, coal was the biggest business in the town and 1855 saw the Outer Coal Harbour constructed at a cost of £30,000, and in 1863 a railway siding was added in order to export pyrites from Avoca in Co. Wicklow to Wales and England. In 1859 the important Carlisle Pier was opened.
In 1827 the Harbour Commissioners had built a jetty to be used exclusively by the Admiralty’s Mail Packets. This Mail Service continued until 1850 when a new contract was made with the City of Dublin Steam Packet Company.
1861 saw the construction of a most attractive Lifeboat House on the Royal Slip at the foot of the Carlisle Pier. On Christmas Eve, 1895 while endeavouring to rescue the crew of the ‘Palme’ the lifeboat capsized with the loss of the entire fifteen man crew their names are recorded in a stone memorial.
A Harbour Master’s House was built in 1845. Twenty-five years earlier a stone house had been constructed for the Harbour Commissioners on Crofton Road with a commanding view of the Harbour this building was in latter years used as the residence of the Harbour Master.
A boom year for the area came in 1863 with the additions to the Harbour of a battery/fort, a coastguard station, a seaman’s home and a lighthouse and keepers cottages. An Anenometer to measure wind speed and direction was also part of the improvements. These buildings all show excellent workmanship.
For more than 170 year a Mailboat service has travelled between Dun Laoghaire and Holyhead in Wales. Even during World War I the Mailboat sailed. The ‘Leinster’ one of four boats plying the journey was torpeoded and sank 16 miles from Kingstown 501 died and 256 survived. The Mailboat continued uninterrupted service until the min 1970s. The new Car Fewrry Terminal was completed in 1969.
The Lifeboat still maintains an important and admirable service to all and presently a new Lifeboat Station is under construction.
The coal importation has ceased in Dun Laoghaire and the fishing industry has declined however an Ice House was built in 1972 on the Coal Harbour Quay and fresh fish can be purchased there by the general public.
In 1971 The World Fishing Championships were hosted by Dun Laoghaire and brought many visitors. Sailing is still an engrossing sport for many and is also enjoyed by many spectators during long summer evenings.
Clontarf
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Clontarf (Cluain Tarbh in Irish, meaning "Bulls' Meadow") is a coastal suburb on the northside of Dublin, Ireland. It is most famous for giving the name to the Battle of Clontarf in 1014 during which Brian Boru, High King of Ireland defeated the Viking invaders. This battle, which extended to districts over several miles, is seen as marking an end to the Irish-Viking Wars.
Clontarf lacks a single "village centre" but has a range of commercial facilities in several locations, adjoins Fairview, Marino, Killester, Artane and Raheny, and is in the postal district Dublin 3.
Clontarf is home to a wide range of businesses, many of whom are members of the local Chamber of Commerce. There is a supermarket on Vernon Avenue, and there are, for example, a number of public houses, restaurants, convenience stores, bank branches, pharmacies and medical practitioners.
Clontarf is also home to the famous Central Remedial Clinic (whose swimming pool has some public access hours) and to the Incorporated Orthopaedic Hospital of Ireland (since 1876), as well as a major centre of the Irish Wheelchair Association.
Within Clontarf is the area known as Dollymount, formed in the 19th century, which gave its name to the beach on North Bull Island.
Famous people from the area include Brian O'Driscoll, the current Ireland rugby captain, film director Neil Jordan, academic Declan Kiberd, singer and television presenter Bryan Smyth andGerry Ryan, RTE 2fm DJ.
St Anne's Park lies between Clontarf and Raheny. The Bull Island, also shared with Raheny, is connected to Clontarf by an historic wooden bridge. The Bull Wall and breakwater, related road and path, and Bull (Wooden) Bridge belong to the Dublin Port Company and are closed for a day each year to assert this. At the end of the breakwater is a statue of Our Lady to watch over mariners.
When Erwin Schrödinger moved to Dublin, he lived in Clontarf, on Kincora Road. He allegedly scandalised neighbours by (a) setting up a menage-a-trois in the house (b) airing duvets out of the windows every morning.
Bram Stoker, author of Dracula, was born on The Crescent in nearby Fairview and a museum has opened in the local Westwood Club to celebrate this.
Clontarf was the original home of the Grove Social Club disco which ran from 1967 to 1997. It started in 1967 in Mount Prospect Avenue in Clontarf, Belgrove Football Club (from which the club got its name). It moved to St. Pauls College, Sybil Hill, in 1975 when the old pavilion was burnt down.
Along the coastal promenade, there is a circular rain shelter, which forms a cap over a former lead mine, which ran out under the shallow waters of the bay, as recorded in Cosgrave's "North Dublin"; it was closed due to persistent flooding.
HISTORY
A settlement at Clontarf has been dated to at least the 12th century and in the 19th century remains from earlier times were thought to have been found. A manor house and small associated village was located on the slight ridge overlooking the sea where the Clontarf Castle Hotel is now situated. The manor house was rebuilt many times, with the current hotel dating largely to the early 19th century. The tower house on the site is a 19th century replica of an original structure on the site. The adjoining ruined church is the old Church of Ireland parish church, dates to the mid-17th century and includes what may be the earliest use of red brick in Ireland.
The manor and church of Clontarf were held by the Templars and then the Hospitallers, and there was a Holy Well in the area, near what is now The Stiles Road, until recent times. Another spring, named for Brian Boroimhe, of uncertain age, still exists, on Castle Avenue near the sea.
There used to be an island, called Clontarf Island, off the coast of Clontarf near the mouth of the River Tolka, as shown on maps such as that of John Rocque in 1753,[1], with a single dwelling, and at some periods (notably in the 19th century), bathing facilities. The island was also used as a refuge from plague in 1650. Construction work on the Great South and North Walls in Dublin Port changed the flow of water in Dublin Bay, threatening its existence, though it was eventually destroyed by a large storm in 1844.
In the 18th century another settlement within Clontarf district developed, around 1km to the east of the existing village. This was known locally as 'the Sheds' and was essentially a poor settlement of fishermen and small farmers, living in basic cabins and with drying sheds for fish. It is prominently marked on navigation maps for Dublin Bay dating to the 18th century. However, as with many such 'informal' settlements in Ireland, it became the site for a 19th century Roman Catholic church - the Church of Ireland St. John's Church, and the Roman Catholic St. Anthony's are closer to the original settlement - and then outgrew the original village.
By the late 19th century Clontarf was becoming urbanised, initially as a holiday resort for wealthy Dubliners, but rapidly as a suburb of the city. For a time, Clontarf was an Urban District incorporated in its own right but lost this formal status at the start of the 20th century. By the mid 20th century it was fully absorbed into the city and would now be considered part of the inner suburbs.
Sport and social organisations
Clontarf has many sporting facilities including rugby, cricket, sailing, football and Clontarf GAA club. The area also has two tennis clubs -Clontarf Lawn Tennis Club based on Oulton Road and Clontarf Parish Lawn Tennis Club on Seafield Road, which has been recently re-developed and is attached to Clontarf Church of Ireland. Clontarf's open-air seawater swimming pool, once a popular recreational destination, with hot and cold baths, is now derelict, with various developments considered. Clontarf Cricket Club, based on the same premises as the rugby club, was the venue for the final of the 2005 ICC Trophy cricket tournament. It hosted various cricket internationals over the year most recently against the West Indies in the summer of 2007.
Along with numerous sporting facilities the suburb also has a number of non-sporting local facilities in St Anne's Park (which it shares withRaheny). These include an Arts Centre in the Red Stables, featuring artists' stores and studios, a coffee shop and markets on some weekends, along with a large rose garden which is located alongside the Gaelic Athletic Association pitches. Clontarf is also home to the City Council Traffic Training Facility.
The seafront along Clontarf remains a highly popular spot for runners, walkers and cyclists and features an Easter Island Moai Statue which is located just across the road from a local pub.
The Clontarf Scout Troop was established in 1931. Clontarf also has two Boys Brigade companies - the (12th) attached to Clontarf Church of Ireland and the (39th) attached to the Presbyterian parish and a Girls Brigade company (5th Company Clontarf Presbyterian) attached toClontarf & Scots Presbyterian Church. This company will be 100 years old in 2008 and will be the first active company in the world to reach this age.
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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
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Howth Village
Limerick
LIMERICK
Limerick is the third largest city in the Republic of Ireland, and the fifth most populous city on the island of Ireland. It is the principal city of Ireland's Mid-West Region also known as the Shannon Region. When taking the extra-municipal suburbs into account, Limerick is the third largest conurbation in the state, with an urban population of 90,757. Limerick is the second-largest city in the province of Munster, an area which constitutes the midwest and southwest of Ireland. The city is situated on several curves and islands of the River Shannon, which spreads into an estuary shortly after Limerick. Road infrastructure features four main crossing points near the city centre (an additional river tunnel to the west of the three bridges opened in July 2010). Limerick is one of the constituent cities of the Cork-Limerick-Galway corridor, which has a population of 1 million.
Brussels
BRUSSELS
Brussels, officially the Brussels Region or Brussels-Capital Region, is the capital of Belgium and the de facto capital of the European Union (EU). It is also the largest urban area in Belgium,comprising 19 municipalities, including the municipality of the City of Brussels, which is the de jure capital of Belgium, in addition to the seat of the French Community of Belgium and of the Flemish Community.
Brussels has grown from a 10th-century fortress town founded by a descendant of Charlemagne into a metropolis of more than one million inhabitants.[10] The metropolitan area has a population of over 1.8 million, making it the largest in Belgium.
Since the end of the Second World War, Brussels has been a main center for international politics. Hosting principal EU institutions[13] as well as the headquarters of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the city has become the polyglot home of numerous international organisations, politicians, diplomats and civil servants.
Although historically Dutch-speaking, Brussels became increasingly French-speaking over the 19th and 20th centuries. Today a majority of inhabitants are native French-speakers, and both languages have official status. Linguistic tensions remain, and the language laws of the municipalities surrounding Brussels are an issue of considerable controversy in Belgium.
Dublin
Every tourist guide will include the following statement: "The English name for the city is derived from the Irish name Dubh Linn, meaning black pool" and according to some experts the secret behind the success of Guinness is their usage of the local water.
No doubt many people are aware that Dublin is the capital of Ireland but few may not be aware that it is the best city in the world. Of course, because I live at the centre of the city, I would say that.
To be honest, it may not be the best city in the world but it is a pleasant likable place (not too big, not too small) and there is always much to see and do.
Dublin can trace its origins back over 1,000 years. From a small Viking settlement it has evolved into a vibrant place rich in cultural heritage. By walking the streets of Dublin you will see the many reminders of Celtic, Viking, Norman, English cultures. The beautifully illuminated Book of Kells dating from 800 AD, much splendid Georgian architecture, magnificent medieval castles and a few very old cathedrals.
If you are not bothered by the weather (despite the rumors we do get some really nice days) and you are interested in History, Architecture, Music or Guinness then Dublin is Truly the place to be. I invite you to visit (Dublin, not my apartment).
Cork
CORK CITY
Cork was originally a monastic settlement founded by Saint Finbarr in the 6th century. Cork achieved an urban character at some point between 915 and 922 when Norseman (Viking) settlers founded a trading port.[8] It has been proposed that, like Dublin, Cork was an important trading centre in the global Scandinavian trade network.
The city's charter was granted by King John in 1185. The city was once fully walled, and some wall sections and gates remain today. For much of the Middle Ages, Cork city was an outpost of Old English culture in the midst of a predominantly hostile Gaelic countryside and cut off from the English government in the Pale around Dublin. Neighbouring Gaelic and Hiberno-Norman lords extorted "Black Rent" from the citizens in order to keep them from attacking the city. The present extent of the city has exceeded the medieval boundaries of the Barony of Cork City; it now takes in much of the neighbouring Barony of Cork. Together, these baronies are located between the Barony of Barrymore to the east, Muskerry East to the west and Kerryycurrihy to the south.
The city's municipal government was dominated by about 12–15 merchant families, whose wealth came from overseas trade with continental Europe – in particular the export of wool and hides and the import of salt, iron and wine. Of these families, only the Ronayne family were of Gaelic Irish origin. The medieval population of Cork was about 2,100 people. It suffered a severe blow in 1349 when almost half the townspeople died of plague when the Black Death arrived in the town. In 1491, Cork played a part in the English Wars of the Roses when Perkin Warbeck a pretender to the English throne, landed in the city and tried to recruit support for a plot to overthrow Henry VII of England. The mayor of Cork and several important citizens went with Warbeck to England but when the rebellion collapsed they were all captured and executed.
A description of Cork written in 1577 speaks of the city as, "the fourth city of Ireland" that is, "so encumbered with evil neighbours, the Irish outlaws, that they are fayne to watch their gates hourly ... they trust not the country adjoining [and only marry within the town] so that the whole city is linked to each other in affinity"
The title of Mayor of Cork was established by royal charter in 1318, and the title was changed to Lord Mayor in 1900 following the Knighthood of the incumbent Mayor by Queen Victoria on her visit to the City.
In the War of Independence, the centre of Cork was gutted by fires started by the British Black and Tans, and the city saw fierce fighting between Irish guerrillas and UK forces. During the Irish Civil War, Cork was for a time held by anti-Treaty forces, until it was retaken by the pro-Treaty National Army in an attack from the sea.
Belfast
BELFAST
Belfast is the capital of and largest city in Northern Ireland. By population, it is the 14th biggest city in the United Kingdom and second biggest on the island of Ireland (after Dublin). It is the seat of the devolved government and legislative Northern Ireland Assembly. The city of Belfast has a population of 267,500 and lies at the heart of the Belfast urban area, which has a population of 483,418. The Larger Urban Zone, as defined by the European Union, has a total population 641,638. Belfast was granted city status in 1888.
Historically, Belfast has been a centre for the Irish linen industry (earning the nickname "Linenopolis"), tobacco production, rope-making and shipbuilding: the city's main shipbuilders, Harland and Wolff, which built the ill-fated RMS Titanic, propelled Belfast on to the global stage in the early 20th century as the biggest and most productive shipyard in the world. Belfast played a key role in the Industrial Revolution, establishing its place as a global industrial centre until the latter half of the 20th century.
Industrialisation and the inward migration it brought made Belfast, if briefly, the biggest city in Ireland at the turn of the 20th century and the city's industrial and economic success was cited by Ulster unionist opponents of Home Rule as a reason why Ireland should shun devolution and later why Ulster in particular would fight to resist it.
Today, Belfast remains a centre for industry, as well as the arts, higher education and business, a legal centre, and is the economic engine of Northern Ireland. The city suffered greatly during the period of conflict called The Troubles, but latterly has undergone a sustained period of calm, free from the intense political violence of former years, and substantial economic and commercial growth. Belfast city centre has undergone considerable expansion and regeneration in recent years, notably around Victoria Square.
Belfast is served by two airports: George Best Belfast City Airport in the city, and Belfast International Airport 15 miles (24 km) west of the city. Belfast is also a major seaport, with commercial and industrial docks dominating the Belfast Lough shoreline, including the famous Harland and Wolff shipyard. Belfast is a constituent city of the Dublin-Belfast corridor, which has a population of three million, or half the total population of the island of Ireland.
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